"Unraveling the Intricacies of Causal Inference: A Guide"



Concept Description
Causal Effect This is the change in an outcome due to a change in a cause. It is the fundamental concept in causal inference and is often the main object of interest.
Confounding This occurs when an external factor is associated with both the cause and the outcome, leading to a spurious association between them. Confounding can bias the estimated causal effect.
Randomization This is a method used to eliminate confounding by randomly assigning subjects to different levels of the cause. It ensures that the cause is independent of potential confounders.
Counterfactuals These are hypothetical scenarios that represent what would have happened to the same individual under a different cause. Counterfactuals are central to the definition of causal effects.
Causal Graphs These are graphical models used to represent causal relationships. They can help to identify confounders and to guide the analysis of causal effects.
Instrumental Variables These are variables that affect the cause but not the outcome, except through the cause. They can be used to estimate causal effects in the presence of unmeasured confounding.
Propensity Score This is the probability of receiving a particular level of the cause given the observed covariates. Propensity scores can be used to adjust for confounding in observational studies.



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